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Korean Terminology

Founder – General Choi-Hong Hi 9^th Dan

Taekwon-do – Foot Hand and Art

Training Hall – Dojang

Training Suit - Dobuk

Counting one to ten – Hanna, Dool, Seth, Neth, Dasaul, Yosaul, Ilgop, Yodoll, Ahop, Yoll.

Belt – Ti

Instructor – Sebum

Student – Jeja

Attention – Charyot

Bow – Kyong-ye

Ready – Junbi

Start – Si-jak

Stop – Goman

Return to ready stance – Barrol

Dismiss – Haessan

About turn – Dwiryro Torro

Relax – Swiyo

Pattern – Tul

Four directional – Saju Jirugi

Section Direction Tool Action – e.g. Nopunde Baro Ap Joomuk Jirugi (Dan Gun Punch)

Tenets of Taekwon-do

· Courtesy – Politeness, manners, saying please and thank you.

· Integrity – honesty.

· Perseverance – to keep trying

· Self control – to remain calm and keep cool

· Indomitable spirit – to stand up for what is right in the face of adversity

Colours and Meanings

· White – Means innocence of a beginner with no previous knowledge of Taekwon-do

· Yellow – Represents the earth as the plant sprouts and takes root as the Taekwon-do foundation is laid

· Green – Represents the plants growth as Taekwon-do skills begin to develop

· Blue - represents Heaven towards which the plant matures into a towering tree as training progresses.

· Red – represents danger cautioning the student to exercise control and warning the opponent to stay away.

· Black – is the opposite of white and signifies maturity and proficiency in Tae Kwon Do it also indicates the wearer’s imperviousness to darkness and fear.

In ancient Korea the cost of dyes meant that the colour of your belt reflected not necessarily your proficiency in TKD, but your rank or wealth.

Coloured Belt Patterns in Brief

There are 24 patterns to represent 24 hours in a day, in comparison to eternity, a human lives for 100 years, which can be considered a day. Therefore the 24 patterns represent General Choi’s life.

· Chon-ji tul (19 moves) + Chon-ji literally means heaven (Chon) and earth (Ji). In the orient it is interpreted as the creation of the world, or the beginning of human history. The two words combined can mean universe, creation or heavenly. Therefore it is the first pattern practised by the beginner. It consists of two equal parts one meaning heaven and the other meaning earth. Lake Chon-Ji is said to be the first residence of the legendary founder of Korea Dan-Gun.

· Dan-Gun tul (21 moves) I Dan-Gun is named after the holy Dan Gun the legendary founder of Korea in the year 2333 BC. In the face of continuous threats of foreign domination the legend of Dan-Gun was instrumental in reviving national unity after the twelfth century. 2333 was chosen as the year of Korea’s founding, due to the significance of the number three in Korea.

· Do-San tul (24 moves) Do-San is the pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang Ho (1876-1938). To counter the effects of the Japanese occupation of Korea, he devoted his entire life to furthering the education of Korea and he was a driving force in the Korean Independence Movement. The 24 movements in this pattern are to represent Mr Ahn’s entire life, he died in prison.

· Won-Hyo tul (28 moves) I. Won-Hyo (617-686 A.D.) was the noted monk who is credited with having completed the introduction of Buddhism to the Silla Dynasty just prior to his death in the year 686 AD. Won Hyo taught Buddhism through mediation and prayer, eliminating the need to study the Chinese scrolls and thus making Buddhism accessible to the common people.

· Yul-Gok tul (38 moves) ± Yul-Gok is the pseudonym of the great philosopher and scholar Yi I (1536-1584) nicknamed the “Confucius of Korea”. The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38 degrees latitude and the diagram (±) represents “scholar”. He was exceptional child and became a government official after passing the Highest Civil service exams with top marks, It was his wish to build an army and unify the government; but these things did not happen.

· Joong-Gun tul (32 moves) Joong-Gun is named after the patriot Ahn Joong-Gun who assassinated Hiro Bumi Ito the first Japanese Governor of Korea, know as the man who played the leading part in the Korea-Japan merger. There are 32 movements in this pattern to represent Mr Ahn’s age when he was executed in Lui Shung prision in 1910. The calligraphy found on the wall of his cell simply said, ‘The best rivers and mountains’; it was reputedly written in his own blood after he severed a finger.

· Toi-Gye tul (37 moves) Toi-Gye (1501-1570A.D.) is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16^th century A.D.) an authority on neo-Confucianism. The 37 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on 37 degrees latitude, and the diagram (±) represents “scholar”. He was very intelligent and worked for the government; unfortunately his followers constantly disagreed with those of Yul-Gok making the inner working of the government difficult. He wished to build a school of Confucianism, but it was not completed until after his death.

· Hwa-Rang tul (29 moves) Hwa-Rang is named after the Hwa-Rang youth group, which originated in the Silla Dynasty in the early 7^th century. This group eventually became the driving force for the unification of the three kingdoms of Korea (Paekche, Koguryo and Silla). The 29 movements of the pattern refer to the 29^th Infantry Division or Fist Division, where Tae Kwon-Do developed into maturity. The numbers 2 and 9 are also significant, the 2 represents Korea divided and 9 represents the fist. General Choi also founded the 29^th Infantry Division.

· Choong-Moo tul (30 moves) Choong-Moo was the name given to the great Admiral Yi Sun Sin (1545-1598 A.D.) of the Yi Dynasty. He was reputed to have invented the first armoured battleship, the Kobukson, in 1592 A.D., which is said to be the precursor to the present day submarine. The reason why this pattern ends with the left hand attack is to symbolize his regrettable death, having no chance in his lifetime to show his unrestrained potentiality, checked by the forced reservation of his loyalty to the king.

The basis of this pattern is loyalty, Admiral Yi remained loyal to his king and the student must remain loyal too. The student needs to be humble and to realise that a black belt is a progression from one level to the beginning of the next. It is the second phase of a journey, many students believe that once they have their black belt they are now an expert and set up their own schools or stop training altogether. If this happens they miss out on the real richness of the Martial Arts.

The left hand punch indicates ‘righteousness’. When Admiral Yi fell out of favour from political opponents, he was wrongly accused of treason and imprisoned. He was later released to face the Japanese forces, and showed his full loyalty to King and country by defending Korea with his naval forces.

In Asia left represents the ‘correct/ right/ or righteous way’ in an Asian martial arts movie the hero will be positioned on the left of the screen.

The death of Admiral Yi is described as regrettable because he died serving his King having never received an official pardon to clear his name from the false accusations of treason.

· Patterns enable the student to go through many fundamental moves in series, to develop sparring techniques, improve flexibility of movements, master body shifting, build muscles and breath control, and develop fluid and smooth motions and rhythmical movements.

Stances – Sogi

Walking Stance – Gunnan Sogi

Sitting Stance – Annun Sogi

Parallel Stance – Narani Sogi

Parallel Ready Stance – Narani Junbi Sogi

Attention Stance – Charyut Sogi

L Stance – Niunja Sogi

Close Ready Stance ‘A’ – Moa Junbi Sogi ‘A’

Bending ‘A’ Stance – Giburyo Sogi ‘A’

Bending ‘B’ Stance – Giburyo Sogi ‘B’

Vertical Stance– Soojik Sogi

Fixed Stance – Gojung Sogi

X Stance – Kyocha Sogi

Close Ready Stance ‘B’ – Moa Junbi Sogi ‘B’

Close Ready Stance ‘C’ – Moa Junbi Sogi ‘C’

Low Stance – Nachuo Sogi

Rear Foot Stance – Dwitbal Sogi

One-Leg Stance - Waeybel Sogi

Diagonal Stance- Sasun Sogi

Whichever foot the most weight is resting on (or is bent the most), this is the name given to the stance: e.g. an L stance with left leg bent (weight on left leg 70% ) :- left L stance.

Arm And Hand Parts/Attacks

Forearm – Palmok

Inner forearm - An Palmok

Outer forearm - Bakkat Palmok

Back forearm – Dung Palmok

Elbow – Palkup

Fore fist – Ap Joomuk

Back fist – Dung Joomuk

Knife hand - Sonkal

Reverse knife hand – Sonkal Dung

Fingertip – Sonkutt

Knuckle – Songarak

Palm heel – Sombadak

Flat finger tip thrust – Opun Sonkutt Tulgi

Straight fingertip thrust – Sun Sonkutt Tulgi

Back fist strike – Dung Joomuk Tirigi

Side Back fist strike – Yop Dung Joomuk Tirigi

Grab - Jappgi

Release from grab – Jappyo Sul Tae

Knife hand strike – Sonkal Tirigi

Side knifehand strike – Yop Sonkal Tirigi

Inward knifehand strike – Anuro Sonkal Tirigi

Back elbow strike – Dwit Palkup Tirigi

Side elbow strike – Yop Palkup Tirigi

Front Elbow Strike – Ap Palkup Tirigi

Upper Elbow Strike – Wi Palkup Tirigi

Straight Elbow Strike – Sun Palkup Tirigi

Double Side Elbow Strike – Jau Palkup Tirigi

Arc Hand – Bandal Son

Upset fingertip thrust – Dwijibun Sonkutt Tulgi

Downward knifehand strike – Naeryo sonkal Tirigi

Bear Hand – Gomson

High inward knifehand strike- Nopunde Annuro Ap Sonkal Tirigi

High reverse knifehand strike- Nopunde Sonkal Dung Tirigi

Finger Belly- Songarak Badak

Punching

Punch – Jirugi

Double punch – Dool Jirugi

Obverse punch – Baro Jirugi

Reverse punch – Bandae Jirugi

Vertical punch – Sewo Jirugi

Side punch – Yop Jirugi

Twin vertical punch – Sang Sewo Jirugi

Twin upset punch – Sang Dwijibo Jirugi

Turning Punch – Dollyo Jirugi

Upward punch – Ollyo Jirugi

Upset punch- Dwijibo Jirugi

Downward punch- Naeryo Jirugi

Crescent Punch- Bandal Jirugi

U shape Punch- Digutja Jirugi

Horizontal Punch- Soopyong Jirugi

Knuckle fist Punch- Songarak Joomuk Jirugi

Foot Parts

Ball of the foot=Ap Kumchi

Foot sword=Balkal

Back Sole=Dwit Kumchi

Knee= Moorup

Back Heel= Dwitchook

Instep= Baldung

Side Instep= Yop Baldung

Reverse Footsword=Balkal Dung

Side Sole=Yop Bal Badak

Toes=Balkut

(toes used to attack scrotum=Nang Shim)

Sections of the body and directions

High – Nopunde

Middle – Kaunde

Low – Najunde

Front – Ap

Side – Yop

Back – Dwit

Upward – Ollyo

Downward - Naeryo

Inward – Anuro

Outward – Bakkuro

Straight – Sun

Upper – Wi

Flying- Twimyo

Jumping- Twigi

Blocks

Middle inner forearm block – Kaunde An Palmok Makgi

Middle outer forearm block – Kaunde Bakkat Palmok Makgi

High outward outer forearm block- Nopunde Bakuro Bakkat Palmok Makgi

Low Outer Forearm Block - Najunde Bakkat Palmok Makgi

Rising Block – Chookyo Palmok Makgi

Knifehand guarding block – Sonkal Daebi Makgi

Twin forearm block – Sang Palmok Makgi

Guarding Block – Daebi Makgi

Wedging Block – Hechyo Makgi

Inward Block – Anuro Makgi

Outward Block – Bakuro Makgi

Knifehand block – Sonkal Makgi

Reverse Knifehand Block- Sonkal Dung Makgi

Upward block – Ollyo Makgi

Upward Palm Block – Ollyo Sombadak Makgi

Downward Block - Naeryo Makgi

Pressing Block – Noollo Makgi

Pushing Block – Miro Makgi

Circular Block – Dollimyo Makgi

Palm Block – SomBadak Makgi

X Fist pressing block – Kyocha Joomuk Noollo Makgi

X Fist rising block – Kyocha Joomuk Chookyo Makgi

X knifehand rising block- Kyocha Sonkal Chookyo Makgi

Palm Pushing Block – SomBadak Miro Makgi

Forearm Guarding Block – Palmok Daebi Makgi

Waist Block – Hori Makgi

Palm Hooking Block – Sombadak Golcho Makgi

Twin Knifehand Block – Sang Sonkal Makgi

Knifehand Rising Block – Sonkal Chookyo Makgi

Reverse Palm Pressing Block – Bandae Sombadak Noollo Makgi

(Staff) U shaped block- (Mongdungi) Digutja Makgi

W shaped block – San Makgi

Low Double forearm pushing block – Najunde Doo Palmok Miro Makgi

Low knifehand guarding block – Najunde Sonkal Daebi Makgi

X-knifehand checking block- Kyocha Sonkal Mum Cha Makgi

Twin upward palm block- Sang Ollyo Sombadak Makgi

Fist block- Joomuk Makgi

Scooping block- Duro Makgi

Double Arc-hand block- Doo bandalson Makgi

Nine shape block- Gutja Makgi

Twin Horizontal Elbow Strike- Sang Soopyong Palkup Tirigi

Kicks

Front Kick – Ap Chagi

Side Kick – Yop Chagi

Turning Kick – Dollyo Chagi

Reverse Side Kick – Bandae Yop Chagi

Reverse Turning Kick – Bandae Dollyo Chagi

Cresent Kick - Bandal Chagi

Axe Kick (downward) – Naeryo Chagi

Hooking Kick – Golcho Chagi

Reverse Hooking Kick – Bandae Dollyo Gorochagi

Back Kick – Dwit Chagi

Front Snap Kick – Ap Cha Busigi

Low Front Snap Kick – Najunde Ap Cha Busigi

Front Rising Kick – Ap Cha Olligi

Knee Kick – Moorup Chagi

Side Piercing Kick – Yop Cha Jirugi

Flying Kick – Twimyo Chagi

Twisting Kick – Bituro Chagi

Side Thrusting Kick – Yop Cha Tulgi

Back Piercing Kick- Dwitcha Jirugi

Stamping Kick- Cha Bapgi

Vertical Kick- Sewo Chagi

Flying Front Kick- Twimyo Ap Chagi

Flying Reverse Turning Kick- Twimyo Bandae Dollyo Chagi

Flying Side Piercing Kick- Twimyo Yop Cha Jirugi

Flying Twisting Kick- Twimyo Bituro Chagi

Jumping Side Kick- Twigi Yop Chagi

Rising Kick- Cha Olligi

Checking Kick- Mum Cha Chagi

Sweeping Kick- Suroh Chagi

Hand Parts

Fore fist=Ap Joomuk

Back Fist=Dung Joomuk

Side Fist=Yop Joomuk

Palm=Sombadak

Knuckle Fist=Songarak Joomuk

Middle Knuckle Fist= Joonji Joomuk

Thumb Knuckle Fist= Umji Joomuk

Knifehand= Sonkal

Reverse Knifehand= Sonkal Dung

Fingertips= Sonkut

Flat Fingertip= Opun Sonkut

Straight Fingertip= Sun Sonkut

Upset Fingertip= Dwijibun Sonkut

Thumb= Umjii

Forefinger= Han Songarak

Double Fingertip=Doo Songarak

Arc-hand=Bandalson

Forearm= Palmok

Inner Forearm= An Palmok

Outer Forearm= Bakkat Palmok

Back Forearm=Dung Palmok

Elbow=Palkup

Double Side Elbow=Jau Palkup

Finger Belly=Songarak Badak

Heaven Hand= Hansul Sun

Left=Wen

Right=Orun

Body Parts

Skull=Dae Sin Moon

Temple= Gwanja Nori

Bridge of the Nose= Migan

Eyeball= Angoo

Mastrid= Hooiboo

Philtrum=Injoong

Jaw= Yop tok

Point of the chin= Mit tok

Lips= Ipsul

Angel of the mandible= Wit Tok

Upper neck= Wit Mok

Adam’s apple= Gyol hoo

Windpipe= Soom tong

Collar Bone=Swe Gol

Wrist Joint= Sonmok gwanjol

Shoulder joint= Eukke gwanjol

Nose= Kotdung

Neck Artery= Mok Dongmaek

Sternum=Hyung gol

Heart= Shim jang

Solar plexus= Myong chi

Liver= Gan Jang

Umbilicus= Baekkob

Lower Abdomen= Ha bokboo

Pubic region= Chiboo

Groin= Sataguni

Scrotum= Nang Shim

Instep= Baldung

Upper Back= Gyon gap

Small of the back= Gyong chu

Kidney= Kongpat

Coccyx= Migol

Backs of knees= Ogum

Achilles Tendon= Dwichuck himjool

Ankle joint= Balmok gwanjol

Elbow joint= Palgup gwanjol

Armpit= Gyodurang

Floating ribs= Nuk gol

Knee joint= Murup gwanjol

Inner thigh= Anjok hobok dari

Tibia= Kyong gol

Joint= Gwanjol

Finger= Songarak

Head=Mori

Forehead=Ima

Shoulder=Euhke

Shin= Jong Kwaengi

Neck=Mok

Chest=Gasum

Abdomen=Bokboo

Sparring

· Three step sparing – Sambo Matsoki (practised to develop timing, distance and focus)

· Two Step sparring – Ibo Matsoki (practised to further develop using more advanced techniques over two steps, thus increasing the reaction time)

· One Step Sparring – Ilbo Matsoki

· Semi Free Sparring – Banjayoo Matsoki

(Semi free sparring is practised to prepare the student for free sparring by enabling them to use attack, defence and counter attack moves in combinations of their own choosing over a set number of steps)

· Free Sparring – Jayoo Matsoki

(Free sparring could be described as a combination of two-step, three-step and semi free sparring. Probably the most important attribute for the student to possess in competition free sparring is stamina. Defence and basic moves are just as important as attacks. Free sparring is the sporting side of TKD and should not be confused with self-defence.)

Counting (aid to pronunciation)

(K at start of word is between K & G, P at end of word is between P & B, A as in cAt)

0 = Kong

1 = hana (hannah)

2 = tul (dool)

3 = set (say)

4 = net (nay)

5 = tasot (da so)

6 = yosot (yo so)

7 = ilgop (ill go)

8 = yodol (yo doll)

9 = ahop (a ho)